pengertian IPS dalam bahasa inggris

Lesson Material entitled NATIONAL MOVEMENT IN INDONESIA, written by Aries Eka Prasetya, S.Pd, M.SiA. Background The Birth of Nationalism in Indonesia The Development of Dutch Colonial Politics The development of the Dutch economy since the 15th century can not be separated from plantation products in Indonesia. But this reality is backfired with the condition of the people of Indonesia. Exploitation of resources conducted by the Dutch colonial government on a large scale through the system of forced cultivation that has caused poverty and poverty of the people of Indonesia. The liberal group in the Dutch parliament proposed a fundamental change in Dutch government policy towards Indonesia. Their core idea is to open the widest possible colony (Open deur politek = open door politics) for private investors. Thus, it is expected to open up many employment opportunities for the people of the colony. Since the beginning of the Dutch colonialists, the people of Indonesia have suffered from the oppression, repression, injustice, and discriminatory attitude towards their human rights. One of the evidence of the Dutch colonial atrocities occurred when the forced cultivation system was practiced. The fact of the suffering, became the trigger of the spirit to immediately expel the invaders and gain independence. The development of Dutch Ethical politics has led to the emergence of various criticisms of the policies of the Dutch colonial government. One of the figures who criticized the Dutch colonial government policy was Van Deventer. In an article entitled "Een Eereschuld" or "Honorable Debt" published in De Gids magazine, Van Deventer recounts that the Dutch state's cash vacuum has been filled by the Indonesian nation. In other words, the Indonesian nation has been instrumental in helping the Dutch government to recover the Dutch economic recession, although with full sacrifice according to Van Deventer, Budi's debt must be paid with the increase of Indonesian nation's welfare through education, migration and irrigation. Of these various criticisms, then the Dutch colonial government implemented a policy called Ethical Policy. The development of media, communication and transportation facilities The development of media, including the means of communication and transportation also trigger the rise of nationalism among Indonesian society, various forms of suffering of the people of Indonesia due to oppression and discriminatory attitude of the invaders can be immediately known by observers of independence and Indonesian students abroad. Nationalists at home and abroad also use the means of communication to give their facts and thoughts about the fate of the Indonesian nation. The Nationalist Movement in Asia and Africa The movement of Nationalism in some other Asian countries also inspired people by Indian national figures, such as Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru, to fight against the British also inspired Indonesian nationalists to fight the Dutch. Therefore, the belief and courage of Indonesian nationalists emerged that Indonesian independence could be obtained. B. Ethnic transformation and the development of Indonesian national identity. The history of the struggle for Indonesian independence begins with the thickness of the regional (ethnic) nuances and groups in every movement of freedom. In fighting for freedom, each region more highlight the interests of the region. As a result the struggle was easily broken by the colonial government. In 1915, there was a youth organization called Tri Koro Dharmo, although its membership included young people from ethnic Javanese, Sundanese and Madurese in fact, tro Koro Dharmo was still oriented to the interests of the Javanese Saja. In the future, the regional psychoanism of each of these youth organizations began to erode by a common spirit to build a nation parallel to other nations. The transformation of regional attitudes into a strong nationalism and nationalism was supported by the process of discussion and the difference of ideas between the youths. The culmination of the meeting of the nationalist spirit of the educated youth of Nusantara was the October 28, 1928 Youth Oath held in Jakarta (Batavia). At that time, there was a need to bring together various ethnic and regional identities into one identity, namely Indonesia. Indonesia as a National Identity At its base, what is meant by national identotas are the special features of a society that make it different from other societies. In the context of Indonesia's national identity, this means that the Indonesian nation has an identity and special features that distinguish it from other nations. The Indonesian term was first used and introduced by J.R. Logan, an English geographer who lives in Penang, Malacca. The name Indonesia also became more popular when Ki Hajar Dewantara in 1913 established a Press Bureau in the Netherlands. Press Bureau i